Tag NYCpunk

Hear

How the 1970s New York Punk Scene Redefined Modern Songwriting Standards

NYC punk stripped rock to its bones — fast, raw, focused — and its blueprint still drives modern songwriting.

Al Cattabiani
May 9, 2026
7 mins

img:is([sizes=auto i],[sizes^="auto," i]){contain-intrinsic-size:3000px 1500px}.buzzsprout-episode-list__items{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.buzzsprout-episode-list__item{margin:0;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(128,128,128,.25)}.buzzsprout-episode-list__toggle{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.4em 1fr;align-items:baseline;width:100%;background:none;border:0;padding:.85em .25em;margin:0;text-align:inherit;font:inherit;color:inherit;cursor:pointer}.buzzsprout-episode-list__toggle:hover .buzzsprout-episode-list__name,.buzzsprout-episode-list__toggle:focus-visible .buzzsprout-episode-list__name{text-decoration:underline}.buzzsprout-episode-list__toggle::before{content:"▸";grid-column:1;transition:transform .15s ease}.buzzsprout-episode-list__toggle[aria-expanded="true"]::before{transform:rotate(90deg)}.buzzsprout-episode-list__name{grid-column:2;font-weight:600}.buzzsprout-episode-list__meta{display:block;grid-column:2;font-size:.85em;opacity:.75;margin:.25em 0 0}.buzzsprout-episode-list__player{padding:0 .25em 1em}[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-row*="bottom"]{--height:48px;background-color:var(--theme-palette-color-8);background-image:none;--theme-border-top:none;--theme-border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;--theme-box-shadow:none}[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-row*="bottom"]>div{--theme-border-top:none;--theme-border-bottom:none}[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-sticky*="yes"] [data-row*="bottom"]{background-color:var(--theme-palette-color-8);background-image:none;--theme-border-top:none;--theme-border-bottom:none;--theme-box-shadow:none}[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-sticky*="yes"] [data-row*="bottom"].nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important}[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-sticky*="yes"] [data-row*="bottom"]>div{--theme-border-top:none;--theme-border-bottom:none}[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-id="logo"] .site-logo-container{--logo-max-height:84px}[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-id="logo"] .site-title{--theme-font-weight:700;--theme-font-size:25px;--theme-line-height:1.5;--theme-link-initial-color:var(--theme-palette-color-4)}[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-sticky*="yes"] [data-id="logo"]{--logo-shrink-height:50px}[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-id="logo"]{--horizontal-alignment:center}[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-id="menu"]{--menu-items-spacing:20px;--menu-items-gap:8px}[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-id="menu"]>ul>li>a{--theme-font-family:Kanit,Sans-Serif;--theme-font-weight:600;--theme-text-transform:uppercase;--theme-font-size:15px;--theme-line-height:1.3;--theme-letter-spacing:.1rem;--theme-link-initial-color:var(--theme-palette-color-4);--theme-link-hover-color:#d32d25;--theme-link-active-color:var(--theme-palette-color-4)}[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-id="menu"] .sub-menu .ct-menu-link{--theme-link-initial-color:var(--theme-palette-color-8);--theme-font-weight:500;--theme-font-size:12px}[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-id="menu"] .sub-menu{--dropdown-width:200px;--dropdown-divider:1px dashed rgba(255,255,255,.1);--theme-box-shadow:0px 10px 20px rgba(41,51,61,.1);--theme-border-radius:0px 0px 2px 2px}[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-sticky*="yes"] [data-id="menu"] .sub-menu{--sticky-state-dropdown-top-offset:0px}[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-row*="middle"]{--height:124px;background-color:var(--theme-palette-color-8);background-image:none;--theme-border-top:none;--theme-border-bottom:none;--theme-box-shadow:none}[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-row*="middle"].nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important}[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-row*="middle"]>div{--theme-border-top:none;--theme-border-bottom:none}[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-sticky*="yes"] [data-row*="middle"]{background-color:var(--theme-palette-color-8);background-image:none;--theme-border-top:none;--theme-border-bottom:none;--theme-box-shadow:0px 10px 20px rgba(44,62,80,.05)}[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-sticky*="yes"] [data-row*="middle"].nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important}[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-sticky*="yes"] [data-row*="middle"]>div{--shrink-height:79px;--theme-border-top:none;--theme-border-bottom:none}[data-header*="type-1"]{--sticky-shrink:64;--header-height:172px;--header-sticky-height:124px;--header-sticky-animation-speed:.2s;--header-sticky-offset:0px}[data-header*="type-1"] [data-id="mobile-menu"]{--items-vertical-spacing:10px;--theme-font-family:Kanit,Sans-Serif;--theme-font-weight:600;--theme-text-transform:uppercase;--theme-font-size:15px;--theme-line-height:2.5em;--theme-letter-spacing:.1em;--theme-link-initial-color:var(--theme-palette-color-4);--theme-link-hover-color:#d32d25;--mobile-menu-divider:1px solid var(--theme-palette-color-4)}[data-header*="type-1"] #offcanvas{--theme-box-shadow:0px 0px 70px rgba(0,0,0,.1);--side-panel-width:600px;--panel-content-height:100%}[data-header*="type-1"] #offcanvas .ct-panel-inner{background-color:#f4f4f4}[data-header*="type-1"] #offcanvas .ct-toggle-close{--theme-icon-color:var(--theme-palette-color-4);--theme-icon-size:14px}[data-header*="type-1"] #offcanvas .ct-toggle-close:hover{--theme-icon-color:#d32d25}[data-header*="type-1"] [data-id="search"]{--theme-icon-size:20px;--theme-icon-color:var(--theme-palette-color-4);--theme-icon-hover-color:#d32d25;--margin:0px 0px 0px 48px !important}[data-header*="type-1"] #search-modal .ct-search-results{--theme-font-weight:500;--theme-font-size:14px;--theme-line-height:1.4}[data-header*="type-1"] #search-modal .ct-search-form{--theme-link-initial-color:#fff;--theme-link-hover-color:#d32d25;--theme-form-text-initial-color:#fff;--theme-form-text-focus-color:#fff;--theme-form-field-border-initial-color:rgba(255,255,255,.2);--theme-form-field-border-focus-color:#d32d25;--theme-button-text-initial-color:rgba(255,255,255,.7);--theme-button-text-hover-color:#fff;--theme-button-background-initial-color:#d32d25;--theme-button-background-hover-color:#d32d25;--theme-form-border-radius:20px}[data-header*="type-1"] #search-modal .ct-toggle-close{--theme-icon-size:14px}[data-header*="type-1"] #search-modal{background-color:rgba(18,21,25,.98)}[data-header*="type-1"] [data-id="socials"].ct-header-socials{--theme-icon-size:20px;--items-spacing:20px;--margin:0px 150px 0px 0px !important}[data-header*="type-1"] [data-id="socials"].ct-header-socials [data-color="custom"]{--theme-icon-color:var(--theme-palette-color-4);--theme-icon-hover-color:#d32d25;--background-color:rgba(218,222,228,.3);--background-hover-color:var(--theme-palette-color-1)}[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-id="text"]{--max-width:100%;--theme-font-size:15px;--theme-line-height:1.3}[data-header*="type-1"] [data-id="trigger"]{--theme-icon-size:20px;--theme-icon-color:var(--theme-palette-color-4);--theme-icon-hover-color:#d32d25;--margin:0px 0px 0px 150px !important}[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header{background-image:none}[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header.nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important}[data-header*="type-1"] [data-sticky*="yes"]{background-image:none}[data-header*="type-1"] [data-sticky*="yes"].nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important}[data-footer*="type-1"] .ct-footer [data-row*="bottom"]>div{--container-spacing:25px;--columns-gap:50px;--widgets-gap:40px;--vertical-alignment:flex-end;--theme-border:none;--theme-border-top:none;--theme-border-bottom:none;--grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}[data-footer*="type-1"] .ct-footer [data-row*="bottom"] .widget-title{--theme-font-size:16px}[data-footer*="type-1"] .ct-footer [data-row*="bottom"]{--theme-border-top:none;--theme-border-bottom:none;background-color:#d32d25}[data-footer*="type-1"] [data-id="copyright"]{--theme-font-family:Kanit,Sans-Serif;--theme-font-weight:400;--theme-font-size:13px;--theme-line-height:1.3;--theme-text-color:rgba(255,255,255,.71);--theme-link-initial-color:var(--theme-palette-color-8);--theme-link-hover-color:var(--theme-palette-color-8)}[data-footer*="type-1"] .ct-footer [data-row*="middle"]>div{--container-spacing:70px;--columns-gap:74px;--widgets-gap:40px;--theme-border:none;--theme-border-top:none;--theme-border-bottom:none;--grid-template-columns:1fr 2fr}[data-footer*="type-1"] .ct-footer [data-row*="middle"] .widget-title{--theme-font-family:Kanit,Sans-Serif;--theme-font-weight:500;--theme-text-transform:uppercase;--theme-font-size:13px;--theme-letter-spacing:.1em}[data-footer*="type-1"] .ct-footer [data-row*="middle"] .ct-widget>*:not(.widget-title){--theme-font-family:Kanit,Sans-Serif;--theme-font-weight:400;--theme-font-size:14px;--theme-line-height:1.8em}[data-footer*="type-1"] .ct-footer [data-row*="middle"]{--theme-border-top:1px solid #ddd;--theme-border-bottom:none;background-color:var(--theme-palette-color-8)}[data-footer*="type-1"] [data-id="socials"].ct-footer-socials{--theme-icon-size:20px;--items-spacing:20px}[data-footer*="type-1"] [data-column="socials"]{--horizontal-alignment:flex-end}[data-footer*="type-1"] [data-id="socials"].ct-footer-socials [data-color="custom"]{--theme-icon-color:rgba(255,255,255,.8);--theme-icon-hover-color:#fff;--background-color:rgba(218,222,228,.3);--background-hover-color:var(--theme-palette-color-1)}[data-footer*="type-1"] [data-id="socials"].ct-footer-socials .ct-label{--visibility:none}[data-footer*="type-1"] .ct-footer [data-column="widget-area-1"]{--text-horizontal-alignment:left;--horizontal-alignment:flex-start;--vertical-alignment:center}[data-footer*="type-1"] .ct-footer [data-id="logo"] .site-logo-container{--logo-max-height:48px}[data-footer*="type-1"] .ct-footer [data-id="logo"] .site-title{--theme-font-weight:700;--theme-font-size:25px;--theme-line-height:1.5;--theme-link-initial-color:var(--theme-palette-color-4)}[data-footer*="type-1"] .ct-footer{background-color:var(--theme-palette-color-6)}:root{--theme-font-family:"Noticia Text",Sans-Serif;--theme-font-weight:400;--theme-text-transform:none;--theme-text-decoration:none;--theme-font-size:1.1875rem;--theme-line-height:1.65;--theme-letter-spacing:0em;--theme-button-font-family:Kanit,Sans-Serif;--theme-button-font-weight:500;--theme-button-font-size:15px;--has-classic-forms:var(--true);--has-modern-forms:var(--false);--theme-form-field-border-initial-color:var(--theme-border-color);--theme-form-field-border-focus-color:var(--theme-palette-color-1);--theme-form-selection-field-initial-color:var(--theme-border-color);--theme-form-selection-field-active-color:var(--theme-palette-color-1);--e-global-color-blocksy_palette_1:var(--theme-palette-color-1);--e-global-color-blocksy_palette_2:var(--theme-palette-color-2);--e-global-color-blocksy_palette_3:var(--theme-palette-color-3);--e-global-color-blocksy_palette_4:var(--theme-palette-color-4);--e-global-color-blocksy_palette_5:var(--theme-palette-color-5);--e-global-color-blocksy_palette_6:var(--theme-palette-color-6);--e-global-color-blocksy_palette_7:var(--theme-palette-color-7);--e-global-color-blocksy_palette_8:var(--theme-palette-color-8);--theme-palette-color-1:#d32d25;--theme-palette-color-2:#d32d25;--theme-palette-color-3:#2b2b2b;--theme-palette-color-4:#2b2b2b;--theme-palette-color-5:#ccc;--theme-palette-color-6:#f2f5f7;--theme-palette-color-7:#fafbfc;--theme-palette-color-8:#fff;--theme-text-color:var(--theme-palette-color-3);--theme-link-initial-color:var(--theme-palette-color-1);--theme-link-hover-color:var(--theme-palette-color-2);--theme-selection-text-color:#fff;--theme-selection-background-color:var(--theme-palette-color-1);--theme-border-color:var(--theme-palette-color-5);--theme-headings-color:var(--theme-palette-color-4);--theme-content-spacing:1.5em;--theme-button-min-height:40px;--theme-button-shadow:none;--theme-button-transform:none;--theme-button-text-initial-color:#fff;--theme-button-text-hover-color:#fff;--theme-button-background-initial-color:var(--theme-palette-color-1);--theme-button-background-hover-color:var(--theme-palette-color-2);--theme-button-border:none;--theme-button-padding:5px 20px;--theme-normal-container-max-width:1290px;--theme-content-vertical-spacing:60px;--theme-container-edge-spacing:90vw;--theme-narrow-container-max-width:750px;--theme-wide-offset:130px}h1{--theme-font-family:Kanit,Sans-Serif;--theme-font-weight:600;--theme-font-size:3rem;--theme-line-height:1.5}h2{--theme-font-family:Kanit,Sans-Serif;--theme-font-weight:600;--theme-font-size:2.25rem;--theme-line-height:1.1}h3{--theme-font-family:Kanit,Sans-Serif;--theme-font-weight:700;--theme-font-size:30px;--theme-line-height:1.5}h4{--theme-font-family:Kanit,Sans-Serif;--theme-font-weight:600;--theme-text-transform:none;--theme-text-decoration:none;--theme-font-size:1.375rem;--theme-line-height:1.5}h5{--theme-font-family:Kanit,Sans-Serif;--theme-font-weight:700;--theme-font-size:20px;--theme-line-height:1.5}h6{--theme-font-family:Kanit,Sans-Serif;--theme-font-weight:700;--theme-font-size:16px;--theme-line-height:1.5}.wp-block-pullquote{--theme-font-family:Georgia;--theme-font-weight:600;--theme-font-size:25px}pre,code,samp,kbd{--theme-font-family:monospace;--theme-font-weight:400;--theme-font-size:16px}figcaption{--theme-font-size:14px}.ct-sidebar .widget-title{--theme-font-weight:600;--theme-font-size:1rem}.ct-sidebar .ct-widget>*:not(.widget-title){--theme-font-size:1rem;--theme-line-height:1.5}.ct-breadcrumbs{--theme-font-weight:600;--theme-text-transform:uppercase;--theme-font-size:12px}body{background-color:var(--theme-palette-color-7);background-image:none}body.nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important}[data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .entry-header .page-title{--theme-font-weight:600;--theme-text-decoration:none;--theme-font-size:3.625rem;--theme-line-height:1.03}[data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .entry-header .entry-meta{--theme-font-family:Kanit,Sans-Serif;--theme-font-weight:400;--theme-text-transform:uppercase;--theme-font-size:14px;--theme-line-height:1.3;--theme-letter-spacing:1px}[data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .entry-header .page-description{--theme-font-weight:400;--theme-font-size:1.0875rem}[data-prefix="categories"] .entry-header .page-title{--theme-font-weight:600;--theme-font-size:2.25rem}[data-prefix="categories"] .entry-header .entry-meta{--theme-font-weight:600;--theme-text-transform:uppercase;--theme-font-size:12px;--theme-line-height:1.3}[data-prefix="categories"] .hero-section[data-type="type-1"]{--margin-bottom:40px}[data-prefix="search"] .entry-header .page-title{--theme-font-size:30px}[data-prefix="search"] .entry-header .entry-meta{--theme-font-weight:600;--theme-text-transform:uppercase;--theme-font-size:12px;--theme-line-height:1.3}[data-prefix="author"] .entry-header .page-title{--theme-font-size:30px}[data-prefix="author"] .entry-header .entry-meta{--theme-font-weight:600;--theme-text-transform:uppercase;--theme-font-size:12px;--theme-line-height:1.3}[data-prefix="author"] .hero-section[data-type="type-2"]{background-color:var(--theme-palette-color-6);background-image:none;--container-padding:50px 0px}[data-prefix="author"] .hero-section[data-type="type-2"].nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important}[data-prefix="single_page"] .entry-header .page-title{--theme-font-size:30px}[data-prefix="single_page"] .entry-header .entry-meta{--theme-font-weight:600;--theme-text-transform:uppercase;--theme-font-size:12px;--theme-line-height:1.3}[data-prefix="blog"] .ct-pagination{--spacing:40px}[data-prefix="categories"] .ct-pagination{--spacing:40px}[data-prefix="author"] .ct-pagination{--spacing:40px}[data-prefix="blog"] .entry-card .entry-title{--theme-font-size:1.6rem;--theme-line-height:1.1}[data-prefix="blog"] .entry-excerpt{--theme-font-size:1.0875rem;--theme-line-height:1.5}[data-prefix="blog"] .entry-card .entry-meta{--theme-font-family:Kanit,Sans-Serif;--theme-font-weight:400;--theme-text-transform:uppercase;--theme-font-size:12px;--theme-letter-spacing:1px}[data-prefix="blog"] [data-cards="simple"] .entry-card{--card-border:1px solid var(--theme-palette-color-4)}[data-prefix="blog"] [data-archive="default"] .card-content .entry-meta[data-id="meta_1"]{--card-element-spacing:15px}[data-prefix="blog"] .entry-card{--card-media-max-width:40%}[data-prefix="blog"] [data-archive="default"] .card-content .ct-media-container{--card-element-spacing:30px}[data-prefix="blog"] [data-archive="default"] .card-content .entry-meta[data-id="meta_2"]{--card-element-spacing:15px}[data-prefix="blog"] .entries{--grid-columns-gap:34px}[data-prefix="categories"] .entry-card .entry-title{--theme-font-size:1.6rem;--theme-line-height:1.1}[data-prefix="categories"] .entry-excerpt{--theme-font-size:1.0875rem;--theme-line-height:1.5}[data-prefix="categories"] .entry-card .entry-meta{--theme-font-family:Kanit,Sans-Serif;--theme-font-weight:400;--theme-text-transform:uppercase;--theme-font-size:12px;--theme-letter-spacing:1px}[data-prefix="categories"] [data-cards="simple"] .entry-card{--card-border:1px solid var(--theme-palette-color-3)}[data-prefix="categories"] [data-archive="default"] .card-content .entry-meta[data-id="meta_1"]{--card-element-spacing:15px}[data-prefix="categories"] .entry-card{--card-media-max-width:40%}[data-prefix="categories"] [data-archive="default"] .card-content .ct-media-container{--card-element-spacing:30px}[data-prefix="categories"] [data-archive="default"] .card-content .entry-meta[data-id="meta_2"]{--card-element-spacing:15px}[data-prefix="categories"] .entries{--grid-columns-gap:34px}[data-prefix="author"] .entry-card .entry-title{--theme-font-size:20px;--theme-line-height:1.3}[data-prefix="author"] .entry-card .entry-meta{--theme-font-family:Kanit,Sans-Serif;--theme-font-weight:400;--theme-text-transform:uppercase;--theme-font-size:12px;--theme-letter-spacing:1px}[data-prefix="author"] [data-cards="simple"] .entry-card{--card-border:1px solid var(--theme-palette-color-4)}[data-prefix="author"] [data-archive="default"] .card-content .entry-meta[data-id="meta_1"]{--card-element-spacing:15px}[data-prefix="author"] [data-archive="default"] .card-content .ct-media-container{--card-element-spacing:30px}[data-prefix="author"] [data-archive="default"] .card-content .entry-meta[data-id="meta_2"]{--card-element-spacing:15px}[data-prefix="author"] .entries{--grid-columns-gap:34px}[data-prefix="search"] .entries{--grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr))}[data-prefix="search"] .entry-card .entry-title{--theme-font-size:20px;--theme-line-height:1.3}[data-prefix="search"] .entry-card .entry-meta{--theme-font-weight:600;--theme-text-transform:uppercase;--theme-font-size:12px}[data-prefix="search"] .entry-card{background-color:var(--theme-palette-color-8);--theme-box-shadow:0px 12px 18px -6px rgba(34,56,101,.04)}form textarea{--theme-form-field-height:170px}[data-sidebar]{--sidebar-width:32%;--sidebar-width-no-unit:32;--sidebar-gap:2%}.ct-sidebar{--theme-link-initial-color:var(--theme-text-color)}aside[data-type="type-3"]{--theme-border:none}[data-sidebar]>aside{--sidebar-inner-spacing:5px}.ct-back-to-top{--theme-icon-color:#fff;--theme-icon-hover-color:#fff;--top-button-background-color:#c12a22;--top-button-background-hover-color:var(--theme-palette-color-2);--theme-box-shadow:0px 5px 20px rgba(210,213,218,.2)}[data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .ct-share-box .ct-module-title{--theme-font-weight:400;--theme-font-size:14px}[data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .ct-share-box[data-type="type-2"]{--theme-icon-color:#fff;--theme-icon-hover-color:#fff;--background-color:var(--theme-palette-color-4);--background-hover-color:var(--theme-palette-color-2)}[data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .author-box .author-box-bio{--theme-font-size:1.0875rem}[data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .entry-tags .ct-module-title{--theme-font-weight:600;--theme-font-size:14px}[data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .post-navigation{--theme-link-initial-color:var(--theme-text-color)}[data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .ct-related-posts .ct-module-title{--horizontal-alignment:center;--theme-font-size:1.8rem}[data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .ct-related-posts-container{background-color:var(--theme-palette-color-6)}[data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .ct-related-posts .related-entry-title{--theme-font-weight:600;--theme-font-size:1.1rem;--theme-line-height:1.1;--card-element-spacing:5px}[data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .ct-related-posts .entry-meta{--theme-font-family:Kanit,Sans-Serif;--theme-font-weight:400;--theme-font-size:12px;--theme-line-height:1.3;--theme-letter-spacing:1px}[data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .ct-related-posts{--grid-template-columns:repeat(4,minmax(0,1fr))}[data-prefix="single_blog_post"]{background-color:#fff}[data-prefix="single_blog_post"] [class*="ct-container"]>article[class*="post"]{--has-boxed:var(--false);--has-wide:var(--true)}[data-prefix="single_page"] [class*="ct-container"]>article[class*="post"]{--has-boxed:var(--false);--has-wide:var(--true)}[data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .ct-related-posts .flexy-container{--grid-columns-width:calc(100% / 3)}.ct-drawer-canvas[data-shortcuts-bar]{--shortcuts-bar-height:0px}.ct-shortcuts-bar-items{--theme-font-family:Kanit,Sans-Serif;--theme-font-weight:400;--theme-text-transform:uppercase;--theme-font-size:12px;--shortcuts-divider:1px dashed rgba(255,255,255,.5);background-color:var(--theme-palette-color-8);--theme-box-shadow:0px -10px 20px rgba(44,62,80,.04)}@media (max-width: 999.98px){[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-id="logo"] .site-logo-container{--logo-max-height:50px}[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-sticky*="yes"] [data-id="logo"]{--logo-shrink-height:30px}[data-header*="type-1"] [data-id="search"]{--margin:0px -120px 0px 0px !important}[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-id="text"]{--theme-font-size:14px;--margin:32px 0px 0px 0px !important}[data-header*="type-1"]{--header-height:124px}[data-footer*="type-1"] .ct-footer [data-row*="bottom"]>div{--widgets-gap:30px;--grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}[data-footer*="type-1"] [data-id="copyright"]{--theme-font-size:12px}[data-footer*="type-1"] [data-column="copyright"]{--horizontal-alignment:left;--vertical-alignment:flex-start}[data-footer*="type-1"] .ct-footer [data-row*="middle"]>div{--container-spacing:50px;--columns-gap:0px;--grid-template-columns:initial}[data-footer*="type-1"] [data-id="socials"].ct-footer-socials{--theme-icon-size:18px;--items-spacing:18px}[data-footer*="type-1"] .ct-footer [data-id="logo"] .site-logo-container{--logo-max-height:30px}[data-footer*="type-1"] .ct-footer [data-column="logo"]{--horizontal-alignment:flex-start;--vertical-alignment:flex-start}h1{--theme-font-size:2rem}h2{--theme-font-size:2.15rem}[data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .entry-header .page-title{--theme-font-size:2.625rem}[data-prefix="categories"] .entry-header .page-title{--theme-font-size:2.15rem}[data-prefix="search"] .entries{--grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}[data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .ct-related-posts{--grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}[data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .ct-related-posts .flexy-container{--grid-columns-width:calc(100% / 2)}.ct-drawer-canvas[data-shortcuts-bar]{--shortcuts-bar-height:100px}.ct-shortcuts-bar-items{--theme-font-size:10px;--theme-letter-spacing:.1em;--theme-icon-color:var(--theme-palette-color-8);--theme-icon-hover-color:rgba(255,255,255,.8);background-color:#be241c}.ct-shortcuts-bar-items a{--theme-link-initial-color:var(--theme-palette-color-8);--theme-link-hover-color:rgba(255,255,255,.8)}}@media (max-width: 689.98px){[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-id="logo"] .site-logo-container{--logo-max-height:40px}[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-sticky*="yes"] [data-id="logo"]{--logo-shrink-height:24px}[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-row*="middle"]{--height:84px}[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-sticky*="yes"] [data-row*="middle"]>div{--shrink-height:53px}[data-header*="type-1"] [data-id="mobile-menu"]{--theme-font-size:13px}[data-header*="type-1"] [data-id="search"]{--margin:0px -130px 0px 0px !important}[data-header*="type-1"] [data-id="socials"].ct-header-socials{--theme-icon-size:18px;--items-spacing:18px}[data-header*="type-1"]{--header-height:84px;--header-sticky-height:84px}[data-footer*="type-1"] .ct-footer [data-row*="bottom"]>div{--container-spacing:15px;--columns-gap:25px;--grid-template-columns:initial}[data-footer*="type-1"] [data-column="copyright"]{--horizontal-alignment:center;--vertical-alignment:center}[data-footer*="type-1"] .ct-footer [data-row*="middle"]>div{--container-spacing:40px;--columns-gap:50px;--grid-template-columns:initial}[data-footer*="type-1"] [data-column="socials"]{--horizontal-alignment:center}:root{--theme-font-size:1.0475rem;--theme-content-vertical-spacing:50px;--theme-container-edge-spacing:88vw}h1{--theme-font-size:1.65rem}h2{--theme-font-size:1.65rem}[data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .entry-header .page-title{--theme-font-size:1.625rem}[data-prefix="categories"] .entry-header .page-title{--theme-font-size:1.65rem}[data-prefix="categories"] .hero-section[data-type="type-1"]{--margin-bottom:30px}[data-prefix="categories"] .entry-card .entry-title{--theme-font-size:1.4rem}[data-prefix="categories"] .entry-excerpt{--theme-font-size:1.0475rem}[data-prefix="author"] .entry-card .entry-title{--theme-font-size:18px}[data-prefix="search"] .entries{--grid-template-columns:repeat(1,minmax(0,1fr))}[data-prefix="search"] .entry-card .entry-title{--theme-font-size:18px}[data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .ct-related-posts{--grid-template-columns:repeat(1,minmax(0,1fr))}[data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .ct-related-posts .flexy-container{--grid-columns-width:calc(100% / 1)}.ct-drawer-canvas[data-shortcuts-bar]{--shortcuts-bar-height:0px}.ct-shortcuts-bar-items{background-color:#ba241c}}[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-row*="bottom"].nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important}.fa-user:before{content:"";display:none}.fa-calendar-alt:before{content:"";display:none}.fa.fa-comments-o{font-weight:900 !important}.premium-blog-entry-meta{margin-left:-5px}.premium-blog-post-container .premium-blog-cats-container a{color:#2b2b2b;background-color:#fafbfc}[data-pagination=simple] .prev,[data-pagination=simple] .next,[data-pagination=next_prev] .prev,[data-pagination=next_prev] .next{border-color:#2b2b2b;font-size:14px;font-family:Kanit,Sans-Serif}[data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .entry-header .page-title{padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:15px;border-top:4px solid #2b2b2b;border-bottom:1px solid #2b2b2b}[data-pagination=simple],[data-pagination=next_prev]{padding-bottom:40px;border-bottom:solid 1px #2b2b2b}[data-prefix="categories"] .entry-header .page-title{padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:15px;border-top:4px solid #2b2b2b;border-bottom:1px solid #2b2b2b}#text-4{border-top:solid 1px #2b2b2b;padding-top:40px}.ct-sidebar .ct-widget:not(:last-child){border-top:solid 1px #2b2b2b;padding-top:15px}.ct-sidebar .ct-widget{color:var(--theme-text-color)}#categories-2>h2{font-size:1rem}#categories-2 ul{font-size:1rem}#categories-2 a{color:#2b2b2b}#categories-2 a:hover{color:#d32d25}#categories-2 li{display:inline}#categories-3 li{display:inline}#text-2>h2{font-size:1rem}#recent-posts-2>h2{font-size:1rem}#search-2>h2{margin-top:48px;font-size:1rem}#recent-posts-2>ul{font-size:1rem}#recent-posts-2 a{color:#2b2b2b}#recent-posts-2 a:hover{color:#d32d25}div.hero-section.is-width-constrained>header>ul>li.meta-author>a.ct-meta-element-author{font-weight:600}.author-box .ct-media-container{width:70px;height:70px}.embed-youtube,iframe{width:100%;max-height:450px}@media (max-width:639px){iframe{width:480px;height:300px}}@media (max-width:320px){iframe{width:320px;height:180px}}.YENOm2TQygJkxDN4k0T2YQuYIZjDkNWtheme--light{display:none !important}